conferta Horn, 1871 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 27: "...found widely scattered in southern Canada and much of the United States...It is known only from Cuming Co. in Nebraska...biology unknown, but...probably psammophilic living on the sandy banks of inland waters."]
rufa (Fabricius, 1792) [Gordon & Cartwright (1988), p. 12: "North American Distribution. - East: Newfoundland to Massachusetts west to Michigan and Indiana. Western: Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado. New Records: Canada, Quebec: Lanoraie. USA, Kansas: Medora. Michigan: East Lansing. Nebraska: West Point."
rufina Silverberg, 1977 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 28: "...occurs in Europe...between 45-55º latitude and has probably been introduced into Canada and the United States...known from Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, Indiana, Michigan, Colorado, and Nebraska...occur[s] on sandy banks of inland waters and...are best found on plant debris near the water..."]
Aphodius Illiger, 1798 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 29: "...small scarabs (2-8 mm in length), ranging in color from testaceous to black..."] {15 Confirmed species; 11 Probable species; 2 Possible species}
badipes Melsheimer, 1845 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 32: "...occurs from southeastern Canada to South Carolina and west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Arkansas...Horn...records it as far west as Colorado...life history unknown...associated with tree-hole squirrel nests, usually those of the flying squirrel..."]
bicolor Say, 1823 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 33: "...known from most of the eastern half of the United States and extreme southeastern Canada...Although widely distributed, it is not abundant...probably to be found in most of southeastern Nebraska...life history...is virtually unknown. It has been taken on cow dung primarily in forested areas, and the large number of specimens recorded from Seward Co...were taken in pitfall traps baited with human feces in a forested area...fall/spring occurrence..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 648: "Lives on deer dung, also taken under cow dung...TX...KS."]
brevicollis LeConte, 1878 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 33: "...uncommon species known from Nebraska and Manitoba in Canada...occur from Idaho and Oregon to New Mexico. In Nebraska, this species is recorded from Lincoln only...biology unknown, but they have been taken from the burrows of pocket gophers..."]
coloradensis Horn, 1870 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 34: "...occurs from Alberta in Canada southwards through central and southwestern United States to Mexico City...found throughout Nebraska...taken at lights and in cow dung in Nebraska."]
concavus Say, 1823 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 36: "...occurs from the Dakotas to Kansas, Colorado, and Missouri eastward to Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois...found throughout Nebraska...life history...unknown...readily attracted to lights...found in rodent burrows..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 647: "...IA, KS, CO."]
dentigerulus Brown, 1929 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 37: "...Oklahoma...northwards to North Dakota...eastern Colorado and eastern Wyoming...restricted to the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog...feeds on dung pellets around the burrow mound, buried within the mound, or just within the burrow entrance."]
distinctus (Mueller, 1776) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 38: "...introduced into North America from Europe. It occurs widely in Europe, Asia Minor, and most of North America. It is found throughout the state of Nebraska...primarily a spring and fall species...may be taken in abundance from the fresh feces of large ungulates..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 648: "Common in cattle dung. Distribution: (1) NY, IN; (2) NC; (4) WA, OR, BC, ID; (5) MT, CO."]
erraticus (Linnaeus, 1758) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 39: "...known from the eastern states west to the Dakotas and Nebraska...found in the dung of cattle and horses..."]
femoralis Say, 1823 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 40: "...occurs from Pennsylvania to South Carolina and west to Nebraska and eastern Texas...found abundantly in cow dung in the spring in eastern Nebraska...have also taken specimens from beneath a dead catfish on a lakeshore in March..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 647: "...TX...NE."]
fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1758) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 42: "...known from Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and North America...introduced into North America from Europe and spread rapidly theoughout this country...widespread throughout...most of the United States...does not occur in most of the Rocky Mountains area or in the southwest...abundant throughout Nebraska...feed on cow and horse dung...not attracted to lights..."; Downie & Arnet (1996), p. 648: "...MN, MO."; Salsbury & White (2000), p. 180: "This common beetle begins flying during the winter on warm days and is easily collected around fresh dung, especially that of cattle. They are about 5/16 inch (8 mm) long and shining. The elytra are reddish-orange and striate. The striae have numerous fine punctures."]
fossor (Linnaeus, 1758) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 43: "...European species that has been introduced into North America where it now occurs in southern Canada and the northern United States west to the Dakotas, Wyoming, Idaho, northern Kansas, and Colorado...primarily a spring and fall species...found in cow dung, and the adults do not come to lights."]
granarius (Linnaeus, 1767) [Ratcilffe (1991), p. 45: "...originally from Europe...now a cosmopolitan species...found throughout southern Canada and the United States and occurs statewide in Nebraska...taken abundantly at lights and are common in cow dung...polyphagous...on many types of dung, carrion and compost...larvae may feed on grass roots...[and have been noted feeding on] sprouting corn seeds..."]
haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus, 1758) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 46: "...occurs in Europe and has been introduced into the United States where it is now spreading...southeastern Canada and much of the eastern half of the United States westward to the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas...a general coprophage and is found in many types of dung. In Nebraska, it is most commonly taken in cow dung...apparently not attracted to lights..."]
iowensis Wickham, 1913 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 47: "...known from Manitoba in Canada, Iowa, and Kansas...life history unknown, but...[reported]...that they live in pocket gopher burrows."]
knausi Fall, 1905 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 48: "...known from Kansas and Indiana...and now Nebraska...[where it]...is recorded from sandy areas only in the western half of the state...[believed to be]...arenicolous...taken at fresh cow dung...and at lights."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 646: "...KS..."]
lentus Horn, 1870 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 49: "...recorded as occurring sparsely from Massachusetts to Georgia west to Nebraska and Kansas...although infrequently collected, probably occurs throughout Nebraska...taken at lights and in cow dung...large series from Arthur and Keith counties were taken in pitfall traps baited with human feces...collected...from deer droppings in New Jersey...and...from sheep dung."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 646: "...KS..."]
leptotarsus Brown [Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 648: "...Lives in rodent burrows and nests. Distribution: (1) PQ, ON; (5) KS, NT."]
lividus (Olivier, 1789) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 50: "...probably the most widely distributed of any species of Scarabaeidae...introduced into the Americas from Europe and now occurs widely in North, Central, and South America...a general coprophage feeding on a variety of dung...abundant in cow dung...attracted to lights, often in huge numbers...[larvae have been observed]...killing and replacing the eggs and larvae of Onthophagous medorensis..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 649: "...Common at lights. Distribution: (1) MA, CT, NY, IN; (3) TX, NM, AZ, CA; (5) MO; (6) MX, South America."]
prodromus (Brahm, 1790) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 52: "...a European species that has been introduced into North America...southeastern Canada and the eastern United States...In Europe...found commonly in horse and sheep manure, in human feces, but only rarely in cow dung.."]
pseudabusus Cartwright, 1957 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 53: "...known from Oklahoma and South Dakota...and North Dakota...The Nebraska specimen constitutes a NEW STATE RECORD...single Nebraska specimen was taken in cow dung...specimens in cow dung and in prairie dog burrows in North Dakota."]
rubeolus Beauvois, 1805 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 54: "...found over much of the eastern half of the United States (excluding the Dakotas and Minnesota)...Although records are few, it probably occurs throughout Nebraska...attracted to lights, and the adults are also found in cow dung...[has been]...observed...inhabiting the brood pears of Phanaeus species in Florida...The large series from Arthur County...were taken in pitfall traps baited with human feces."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 646: "..."TX...MO,SD,IA."]
rusicola Melsheimer, 1845 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 55: "...recorded sporadically from the eastern half of the United States west to Nebraska and New Mexico...occurs throughout the state of Nebraska...found abundantly in cow dung as well as at lights."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 649 (as ruricola): "...Associated with cow dung. Distribution: (1) ON, NY, IN, PA, MD; (2) VA, GA, FL; (3) TX; (5) MB."]
russeus Brown, 1928 ["Ratcliffe (1991), p. 56: "...known from the Great Plains...originally described from Oklahoma and Kansas...may occur over most of Nebraska where pocket gophers are found...live in pocket gopher burrows...[which]...are seldom sampled for aphodines. The Nebraska specimen was taken at a blacklight."]
scabriceps LeConte, 1878 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 57: "...found from Pennsylvania to South Carolina west to Kansas and Texas...probably a detrivore in sandy riverine habitats."]
serval Say [Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 648: "...Distribution: (1) NY, PA, IN; (2) SC; (3) TX; (5) KS."]
stercorosus Melsheimer, 1845 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 58: "...found in southeastern Canada and the eastern half of the United States west to Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas...recorded from the eastern 2/3 of Nebraska...attracted to lights and can be abundant at cow dung."]
terminalis Say, 1823 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 59: "...found south of the Great Lakes, east of the Appalachian Mountains, and west to Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Nebraska is at the northwest limit of its range...activity period...January to March in Indiana...specimens hibernated beneath cow dung and partly buried logs...might be easily overlooked because it is such an early spring species..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 648: "Lives in deer dung...TX...KS."]
testaceiventrus Fall, 1932 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 60: "...known from Colorado, Kansas and Texas...The Nebraska specimens constitute a NEW STATE RECORD...life history unknown...specimens were taken at cow dung."]
vittatus Say, 1825 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 61: "...found in southern Canada and in much of the United States from Maine to South Carolina west to Washington and Mexico. It is also found in Europe and Asia...occurs throughout Nebraska although it seems to be more abundant in the west...known to be a generalist in its feeding habits; larvae and adults have been collected in cow and horse dung. It may be taken at lights but not in large numbers as with some other species."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 649: "...Distribution: (1) PQ, ON, WI, MI, IL, IN, NY; (2) VA, NC, SC; (4) BC, WA; (6) MX."]
walshi Horn, 1870 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 61: "...central United States from Indiana to the Rocky Mountains and from North Dakota south to Kansas...restricted to those areas of Nebraska with sandy soil...Nebraska specimens were taken at cow dung...spcies may oviposit in humus rather than in dung."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 646: "...KS..."]
Psammodius Fallén, 1807 {2 Confirmed species}
mimeticus Fall, 1933 [Cartwright (1955), p. 427: "...Distribution: United States: Wyoming: Fort Laramie. Colorado: Monon (?). Nebraska: West Point. Kansas: Topeka. Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains. Mexico: Baja California: San Jose del Cabo. Coahuila: Saltillo. Tamaulipas: Nuevo Laredo. Colima: Colima."
interruptus Say, 1887 [Cartwright (1955), p. 429: "...Distribution: New York: "L. I."...District of Columbia. Maryland. Virginia: Fort Monroe. North Carolina: Moore County, West End, Pinebluff. South Carolina: Clemson, Ridge Spring, Marion. Georgia: Peach County, Barnesville. New Mexico: Albuquerque. Colorado: Monon (?). Wyoming: Fort Laramie. South Dakota: Brookings. Nebraska: West Point. Kansas: Topeka. Iowa. Season: January 13 to June."
Pseudataenius Brown, 1927 {1 Probable species}
socialis Horn, 1871 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 63: "...southeast Nebraska south to eastern Texas and Louisiana...Nothing is known of the life history of these beetles other than that they are attracted to lights."]
Ataenius Harold, 1867 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 63: "...The known feeding habits range from saprophagous (humus) to herbivorous (grass roots) to coprophagous (dung)...Most species are readily attracted to lights at night, sometimes coming in huge numbers."] {4 Confirmed species; 3 Probable species; 1 Possible species}
apicalis Hinton, 1937 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 64: "...found over much of the eastern half of the United States west to Kansas and Nebraska...collected...from raccoon and cow dung and at lights..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 654: "...NE..."]
gracilis (Melsheimer, 1845) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 65: "...occurs widely over the eastern half of the United States and extreme southeast Canada...The few records for Nebraska suggest that this species may be limited to the eastern half of the state...attracted to lights; little else is known of its habits or biology."; Donwnie & Arnett (1996), p. 653: "...Attracted to lights in large numbers. Distribution: (1) PQ, ON, WI, MI, IL, IN, PA, NJ, MD; (2) VA, NC, SC, GA, FL; (3) TX, AZ, s. CA; (5) NE."]
hesperius Cartwright, 1974 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 65: "...known from California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota...rare in surrounding states as well as in Nebraska. Nothing is known of its life history."]
imbricatus (Melsheimer, 1845) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 66: "...found over the eastern half of the United States and in Ontario in Canada...also found throughout much of Central and South America and the Caribbean...frequently collected at lights..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 652: "...Distribution: (1) ON, WI, MI, VT, NH, MA, NY, PA, NJ, MD, DE, OH, IN, DC; (2) VA, WV, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, AR, TN, KY; (3) OK, TX; (5) SD, MN; (6) MX; Central America."]
puncifrons Cartwright, 1974 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 67: "...known from the central, northeastern and southwestern United States and Coahuila in Mexico...It occurs throughout the state of Nebraska...commonly attracted to lights...has been taken on dry cornstalks, in cornfields, and on Helianthus tuberosa."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 653: "...Distribution: (1) WI, MI, VT, NH, IL, IN, NJ, OH; (2) GA, AR, LA; (3) TX, OK, NM, AZ, CA; (5) CO, ND, SD, MN, IA< KS, MO; (6) MX."]
robustus Horn, 1871 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 68: "...found in the central United States from South Dakota and Wisconsin south to Arkansas...known only from the eastern third of Nebraska...biology of this species is unknown...uncommon in Nebraska and apparently has not been collected since... [1922]..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p.653: "...Distribution: (1) WI, IL; (3) AR, OK, NM; (5) SD, NE, KS, MO."]
spretulus (Haldeman, 1848) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 69: "...recorded from Ontario in Canada and all but seven of the continental United States...probably occurs throughout Nebraska although less commonly in the western part of the state...an important pest of turfgrass...strongly attracted to lights at night."]
strigatus (Say, 1823) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 70: "...found commonly throughout the northeastern quadrant of the United States...less abundant in the southern states, and onl a few records are known from west of the Rocky Mountains... probably occurs throughout Nebraska but much less commonly in the western part of the state...In Nebraska, it has been collected at cow dung and at lights."; DOwnie & Arnett (1996), p. 653: "...A common species in light traps and in dung...Distribution: (1) PQ, ON, WI, MI, NY, IL, IN, PA, NJ, MD; (2) VA, NC, SC, GA, FL; (3) AZ, TX, UT; (4) OR; (5) WY." ]
Geotrupes Latreille, 1796 {1 Confirmed Species; 2 Probable species}
opacus Haldeman, 1853 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 90: "...Length 12.5-17.3 mm...occurs throughout the central United States from COlordao to Ohio and from South Dakota to Texas...ranges throughout Nebraska, but is more abundant in the western, sandy areas...adullts in Texas...[form]...brood cells of cow dung with oviposition in January and pupation in May."; Downie and Arnett (1996), p. 661: "...Sandy fields (IN). DIstribution: (1) OH, IN, IL, MI, WI; (2) LA, AR; (3) OK, TX; (5) CO, SD, IA, NE, KS."]
semiopacus Jekel, 1865 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 91: "...found from southeast Canada south to North Carolina and westward to the eastern Dakotas...Nebraska and probably eastern Kansas...seems to be restricted to the southwast corner of the state in Nebraska...reported...feeding on fungi and chicken carrion and forming food cells...composed of cow dung, grass, and leaves...taken...beneath horse manure in eastern Nebraska."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 662: "...Lives in fungi and in dung; taken in IN in horse dung...Distribution: (1) PQ, ON, NH, ME, MA, VT, CT, NY, NJ, PA, MD, OH, IN, IL, MI, WI; I2) VA, WV, NC, TN; (3) OK, TX; (5) MN, IA, MO."]
splendidus (Fabricius, 1775) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 91: "...foudn in the eastern half of the United States (excluding the Dakotas, Texas and Louisiana) and in Ontario and Quebec, Canada...restricted to the eastern half of Nebraska...amazingly varied feeding habits. Although fungi were preferred food, beetles were also attracted to the feces of cows, horses and humans as well as dead animals, chicken feathers, and baits...taken ...beneath horse manure in eastern Nebraska, and...in pitfall traps baited with human feces..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 662 (as G. splendidus miarophagous): "...Lives on dung and other decaying organic material...Distribution: WI, MI; (2) AR, AZ; (5) MN, AZ." [sic]]
Boreocanthon Halfter {1 Confirmed species}
probus (Germar) [Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 635: "...Distribution: (1) NJ, MD; (2) VA, FL, AL; (3) OK, TX, UT; (5) KS."]
chalcites (Haldeman, 1836) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 99: "...occurs throughout most of the eastern half of the United States...may be restricted to the eastern third of Nebraska...infrequently collected in Nebraska."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 636: "...Does not come to light. Distribution: (1) IN, NJ, MD; (2) VA, TN, GA, FL; (5) KS, MO."]
ebenus (Say, 1823) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 100: "...found in the slightly more arid parts of the central United States from Texas northwards to South Dakota. In Nebraska...found only in the western half of the state...[has been seen]...forming, rolling, and burying cattle and bison feces in Cherry County..."]
pilularius (Linnaeus) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 101: "...found in virtually all of the states east of the Rocky Mountains...replaced in Texas and most of the southwest by C. imitator...found commonly throughout Nebraska...Dung from cattle, horses, and sheep is usually preferred..."; Salsbury & White (2000), p. 179: "This common tumblebug is dull satiny-black, sometimes with a slight coppery tinge. Adults measure 9/16 to 11/16 inch (13 to 18 mm) in length. The entire body appears smooth, but with a hand lens, 8 indistinct lines may be seen on each wing cover. This beetle, which is regarded as beneficial, is fairly common in pastures, where it may be seen in pairs rolling a ball of dung."]
praticola LeConte, 1859 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 102: "...from British COlumbia and Alberta in Canada southward through the central states to Texas and Arizona...found only in the western part of Nebraska...collected...from cattle manure in Nebraska and New Mexico...reported feeding on prairie dog pellets in North and South Dakota and Colorado...the only species of Canthon utilizing the prairie dog feces niche."]
probus (Germar, 1824) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 103: "...occurs in the southern half of the United States from the wast coast westward to Arizona and Utah...apparently no records for Colorado or western Kansas. In Nebraska...known only from two specimens collected in 1911 [from Dundy County] in the extreme southwestern corne of the state...deer pellets...rabbit pellets..."]
vigilans LeConte, 1858 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 104: "...found throughout most of the eastern half of North America...occupies very nearly the same area as C. chalcites. It is rare in Nebraska and is found only in the extreme eastern part of the state...recorded from the excrement of cattle and horses...and humans...Unlike most species of Canthon, it is attracted to lights at night..."]
viridis (Beauvois, 1805) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 105: "...widely distributed over the wastern United States and into northeastern Mexico. It reaches its western limit in Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas...In Nebraska...found only in the southwast...restricted to woody areas where they presumably feed on feces of vertebrates...rabbit pellets...human feces...various bird droppings and fungi...bovine and swine feces in Texas...Nebraska specimens were taken in baited pitfall traps using human feces..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 636: "...Attracted to lights. Distribution: (1) IL, IN, MA, CT, NY, NJ, MD; (2) VA, GA, FL; (3) TX; (5) KS."
Melanocanthon Halfter, 1958 {1 Confirmed species}
nigricornis (Say, 1823) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 106: "...known from the central United States from Michigan and Wisconsin west to Nebraska and Kansas and south to Texas...taken in baited pitfall traps using human feces...Two specimens in the University of Nebraska collection are pinned with entire rabbit pellets which they were presumably rolling..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 635: "...Distribution: (1) IN, MI, WI; (2) AR; (3) TX; (5) NE, KS."]
histeroides Weber, 1801 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 111: "...occurs in the eastern half of the United States although its exact distribution remains imprecisely known. It is found only in forested areas of eastern and southeastern Nebraska...[commmon in]...the forests along the Missouri River in the southeastern portion of the state in the feces of horses, foxes, dogs and humans...from the burrow of a woodchuck and from packrat feces..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 636: "...Found under cow dung (IN). Distribution: (1) IN, NY, PA, MD; (2) VA, NC; (3) OK, TX."]
Copris Muller, 1764 {2 Confirmed species}
fricator (Fabricius, 1787) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 112: "...occurs in the eastern United States...and west to South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas...occurs throughout Nebraska, but is more abundant in the eastern half of the state...feeding burrows are made and packed with cow dung..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 636 [as C. tullius (Olivier)]: "...In cow dung and at light."]
minutus (Drury, 1770) [Ratcliffe (1996), p. 115: "...found in the eastern half of the United States from New Hampshire south to Florida and west to northeastern Texas, eastern Oklahoma and Kansas, Missouri and southern Iowa...abundant at cow dung...attracted to lights...rarely attracted to carrion..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 637: "...Frequent in cow dung and attracted to lights. Distribtuion: (1) PQ, ON, NY, IL, IN, PA; (2) VA, GA, FL, LA; (3) OK."]
Dichotomius {1 Confirmed species}
carolinus (Say) [Salsbury & White (2000), p. 179: "D. carolinus, a large, earth-boring dung beetle is common in Kansas. It is 7/8 and 1 3/16 inches (22 to 30 mm) in length. The dull black wing ]covers have 7 broad, shallow furrows on each elytron and there is a short, flat horn on the head."]
Phanaeus
MacLeay, 1819 {2 Confirmed species}difformis LeConte [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 108: "[P. vindex]...is replaced by P. difformis LeConte in a roughly triangular area including most of Texas, SW Louisiana, Oklahoma, and south central Kansas..."]
vindex Macleay [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 108: "...occurs throughout the eastern half of the United States ranging as far north as Massachusetts in the east and South Dakota in the west. It is replaced by P. difformis LeConte in a roughly triangular area including most of Texas, SW Louisiana, Oklahoma, and south central Kansas....statewide in Nebraska but is uncommon in the northwest corner of the state..."' Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 637: "...Lives in dung. Distribution: (1) MA, NY, IL, IN; (2) FL; (3) TX; (5) SD."; Salsbury & White (2000), p. 180: "This is one of two common brilliantly colored, dung beetles of this genus in Kansas. This species measures 3/4 to 7/8 inch (19 to 22 mm) long. Wing covers are a brilliant shining green, the pronotum coppery green, rough surfaced, and with a large central, coppery red or purplish triangular area. Males have a black spine or horn on top of the head that curves backward."]
Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 {8 Confirmed species}
gazella (Fabricius) [Hoebeke & Beucke (1997), p. 352: "...an Afro-Asian dung-beetle...first introduced into North America with releases in Victoria and Kleberg Counties, Texas...KANSAS: Meade Co., 3 mi. W. Meade, 23-IX-1990, Androw and Brattain..."]
hecate Panzer [Salsbury & White (2000), p. 180: "This beetle is very common from late winter through the summer. During the winter, it flies on warm days. It is common in fresh dung and carrion. Males possess a small forked horn on the prothorax, which the females lack. Size is about 1/4 inch (6 mm) long."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 640: "...Found on many types of dung, rotting fungi and fruit, carrion, bait traps, and at lights. A common species. Distribution: (1) NS, PQ, ON, WI, MI, NY, IL, IN, PA, NJ, MD; (2) VA, GA, FL; (3) TX; (4) BC; (5) AB, SA, MB, ND, NE, IA, KS, MO."]
knausi Brown, 1927 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 120: "...known only from Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas...Nebraska records indicate this species may be lcoally abundant if the right collecting method is employed...Specimens have been taken on deer droppings in Texas and ocassionally on other types of dung...[numerous]...specimens...were taken over a two-year period using pitfall traps baited with human feces in a wooded area."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 639: "...Distribution: (1) IL; (3) TX; (5) NE, KS."]
oklhaomensis Brown [Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 639: "...Feeds on dung, decaying fruit, and similar debris. Distribution: (1) DC; (2) VA, KY, GA, FL; (3) TX, OK; (5) KS."]
orpheus pseudorpheus Howden & Cartwright, 1963 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 121: "...occurs from southcentral Manitoba in Canada and through the central United States south to Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas and east to Ohio...occurs throughout the state of Nebraska...associated largely with animal nests or burrows...occasional specimens in cow or other animal dung...taken in pitfall traps baited with human feces..."; Downie & Arnett (1886), p. 639: "...In IN frequent at mouths of animals burrows in woods in spring. Distribution: (1) IN, IL, OH; (2) AR; (5) MB, SD, NE, KS."]
pennsylvanicus Harold, 1871 [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 122: "...occurs in all the states east and south of South Dakota and Colorado except New Mexico, Vermont, and Maine...found over the entire state of Nebraska...taken on many types of dung including that of horse, cow, deer, dog, and human as well as on bird and mammal carrion and on rotting fungi..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 639: "...Found on dung, carrion, and decaying fungi and fruit. Distribution: (1) MI, NY, IL, IN, PA, MD; (2) VA, GA, FL; (3) TX; (5) CO, SD, MN, MO."]
striatulus (Beauvois, 1809) [Ratcliffe (1991), p. 124: "...occurs in the eastern half of the United States westward to Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas...known from wooded areas in the southeastern corner of Nebraska...almost exclusively mycetophagous...but it is possible to collect them occasionally in excrement, carrion, or decaying plant matter..."; Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 639 [as O. subaeneus (Beauvois)]]: "...A rather rare species taken on dung, fungi and carrion. Distribution: (1) NJ, PA, MD, IN, IL; (2) VA, NC, SC, GA, AL; (3) OK, TX; (5) KS, MO.";
tuberculifrons Harold [Downie & Arnett (1996), p. 640: "...Common on cow dung, also taken on decaying fungi and other decaying vegetable matter. Distribution: (1) CT, MJ, MD, IN, IL, MI, WI; (2) VA, NC, SC, GA, AL, FL, TN, AR; (3) OK, TX; (5) KS."]
Gordon, R. D., & O. L. Cartwright, 1988, North American representatives of the Tribe Aegialiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), Smithsonian Cotributions to Zoology. Nr. 461. 37 pp. 37 figs. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.