OUTLINE OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUPERCLASS HEXAPODA:

Based on the outline on p. 504 of Carpenter's "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.  Part R.  Arthropoda 4.  Volume 4. Hexapoda.", Geol. Soc. Am. & Univ. Kansas, 1992, with added data on the Kansas Elmo fossils, and with English names for the taxa based on  D.J. Borror, D.M. DeLong, & C.A. Triplehorn, "An Introduction to the Study of Insects" (4th ed.), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976, and on CSIRO's "The Insects of Australia" 2nd edition.

Prepared by Roy J. Beckemeyer.

Key: Level TAXON    Nr. of fossil genera/Nr. of Elmo fossil genera    Geological eras of occurrence     (Magenta if at Elmo)

Superclass HEXAPODA    5,188        Devonian-Holocene

   Class and Order COLLEMBOLA  (Springtails)   14    Devonian-Holocene

   Class and Order PROTURA  (Proturans)   0    Holocene

   Class and Order DIPLURA  (Diplurans)   4    Paleocene-Holocene

   Class INSECTA  (Insects)  5,169/93    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

       Subclass APTERYGOTA  (primitively wingless insects)   8/1    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

            Order ARCHAEOGNATHA  (Bristletails)  5/1    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

            Order ZYGENTOMA  (Silverfish)  3    Oligocene-Holocene

        Subclass PTERYGOTA  (winged and secondarily wingless insects)  5,160/92    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

      Infraclass PALAEOPTERA  (wings cannot be folded flat against dorsum of abdomen)  502/20  Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

            Order EPHEMEROPTERA  (Mayflies)  59/2    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

            Order PALAEODICTYOPTERA  (wing-like prothoacic lobes, sucking mouthparts)  125/4    Upper Carboniferous-Permian

            Order MEGASECOPTERA  (similar to previous, but with narrower wing bases)  34/2    Upper Carboniferous-Permian

            Order DIAPHANOPTERODEA  (similar to above but could fold wings, but  differently from the modern Neoptera)  20/3    Upper Carboniferous-Permian

           Order PROTODONATA  (large to gigantic Dragonfly precursors)  13/4    Upper Carboniferous-Permian

            Order ODONATA    204/4  (Dragonflies and Damselflies)  Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

           Order UNCERTAIN, Infraclass PALAEOPTERA    47/1

   Infraclass NEOPTERA  (wings can be folded flat against dorsum of abdomen)   4,656/72    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

   Division EXOPTERYGOTA  (NEOPTERA with simple metamorphosis)  1,393/57    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

            Order PERLARIA  (Most authors use the modern name PLECOPTERA: Stoneflies)  28    Permian-Holocene

            Order PROTORTHOPTERA  (Orthopteroids, many Stonefly-like, probably not a natural group)  236/24    Upper Carboniferous-Permian

            Order BLATTARIA (Cockroaches)   (Not covered in Treatise)/2    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

            Order ISOPTERA  (Termites)  33    Cretaceous-Holocene

            Order MANTODEA  (Praying Mantids)  4    Oligocene-Holocene

            Order PROTELYTROPTERA  (small insects related to Cockroaches)  236/9    Permian-Cretaceous

            Order DERMAPTERA  (Earwigs)  16    Jurassic-Holocene

            Order ORTHOPTERA  (Grasshoppers, Crickets & their relatives)  166/5    Upper Carboniferous-Holocene

            Order GRYLLOBLATTODEA  (Rock Crawlers)  0    Holocene

            Order    TITANOPTERA  (Orthopteroid insects of moderate to large size)  8    Triassic

            Order PHASMATODEA  (Walking Sticks)  13    Triassic-Holocene

          Order EMBIOPTERA  (Webspinners)  5    Oligocene-Holocene

            Order PSOCOPTERA (Psocids - "booklice", "barklice")   58/7    Permian-Holocene

            Order ZORAPTERA (Zorapterans)   0    Holocene

            Order MALLOPHAGA (Chewing Lice)   0    Holocene

            Order ANOPLURA (Sucking Lice)   0    Holocene

            Order CALONEURODEA  (Orthopteroid-like insects)  16/5    Upper Carboniferous-Permian

            Order MIOMOPTERA  (small insects with biting mouthparts and nearly equal wings)  10/1    Upper Carboniferous-Permian

            Order THYSANOPTERA  (Thrips)  43    Permian-Holocene

            Order HEMIPTERA (True Bugs)   728/4    Permian-Holocene

   Division ENDOPTERYGOTA  (NEOPTERA with complete metamorphosis)  3,203/7    Permian-Holocene

            Order COLEOPTERA  (Beetles)  1,397    Permian-Holocene

            Order STREPSIPTERA  (Twisted-wing insects)  4    Oligocene-Holocene

            Order NEUROPTERA  (Net-winged insects)  125    Permian-Holocene

            Order GLOSSELYTRODEA  (small insects with elytriform wings)  11/1    Permian-Jurassic

            Order TRICHOPTERA  (Caddisflies)  112    Permian-Holocene

            Order LEPIDOPTERA  (Butterflies and Moths)  111    Cretaceous-Holocene

            Order MECOPTERA  (Scorpionflies)  82/6    Permian-Holocene

            Order SIPHANOPTERA  (Fleas)  1    Oligocene-Holocene

            Order DIPTERA  (True Flies)  708    Triassic-Holocene

            Order HYMENOPTERA (Ants, Wasps, Bees)   652    Triassic-Holocene

            Order UNCERTAIN, Infraclass NEOPTERA    60/8

    Subclass PTERYGOTA, Order UNCERTAIN    2

Class INSECTA, Subclass UNCERTAIN    1

Superclass HEXAPODA, Class UNCERTAIN    1